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How To Calculate Number Of Solar Panels (550w) Needed To Charge A Solar Installation (15kw Lithium Battery)
Having a massive battery bank is one thing, but ensuring that the solar panels are able to charge it fully before evening, on an average day, despite the simultaneous usage, is another.
With that said, If you are planning to install a high-capacity solar energy installation that will involve massive power banks, like a 15kw lithium battery with high-capacity solar panels like the 550w panels, the biggest mistake you can make is under-sizing your solar array.
In planning for the number of solar panels that will effectively charge your lithium battery effectively there are many factors that must be considered, such as the load or power consumption during the day, the quality of the solar panels, the type of inverter (hybrid transformerless or transformer based), environmental factors (location, climate, and weather), etc.
Having taken the factors above into consideration, you can see that you are not just "charging your battery", but also trying to account for those factors. In another topic, we will elaborate more on these factors and how you can determine the best solar panel size that will be best suited for your particular needs
But in this guide, we will be breaking down the exact math to determine your ideal panel count so you never get left in the dark.
Setting Our Baseline Parameters
For the purpose of this discussion, we will assume the following:
- Size of inverter battery - 15kWh lithium battery
- Size of panel - 550w Monocrystalline
- Average hourly load consumption - 1,000w
- Battery's Depth of Discharge (DoD): 90%
(In making your calculations, you can substitute the figures above for your own.)
Why 90% DoD? We chose 90% DOD because, although 80% is the standard sweetspot for optimal battery lifespan, 20% of the battery capacity seems too much to be excluded for the purpose of this topic, and also feels impractical for most homeowners. On the other hand, a 95% to 100% DOD is too extreme, even in reality, and will drastically shorten its life.
Why Many Users & Installers Get It Wrong
In theory, most users will simply divide the size of the battery (15kw or 15,000w) by the average number of sunshine (5 to 7 hours) to get the size of the solar array to be used. This solar power size will then be divided by 550 to get the number of 550w solar panels that will be needed for that solar installation. At most, some might adjust for daytime usage.
Although the method above is a quick get-around, it can give inaccurate results.
In estimating the size of the solar panel array, we must take into account the efficiency of the solar panels. Although electrical loss during charging processes has been greatly reduced in modern, efficient hybrid transformerless inverters, that too should be taken into account, especially in older inverters and solar setups.
In real-life scenarios, it is best to take the efficiency of high-quality solar panels at 70%. This is because the sticker size of solar panels are based on controlled Standard Test Conditions (STC) in a laboratory that might not be attainable in real life or all the time. The 30% loss will also cover heat, dust, cable resistance, conversion loss, etc.
The peak hours of sunshine typically fall around 4.5 hours, from 11.30 am to 4 pm, but solar panels do not only use the peak sunshine to charge batteries. In Nigeria, about 6 hours of sunlight are guaranteed on a sunny day. So, while we will use 6 hours, you should look up the average number of sunny hours in your country/locality and substitute accordingly.
Method 1: The Total Energy Demand Approach
Here, we find the total amount of energy (in Watt-hours) the solar panels will need to get to both run the house and fill the battery, then divide by our sun hours and efficiency
- Size of a 15kw lithium battery: 15kva or 15,000w
- Usable size of a 15kw lithium battery at 90% DOD: 13.5kva or 13,500w
- Estimated hourly power consumption during daytime charging hours - 1,000w
- Estimated number of sunny hours in the day: 6 hours
- Total power consumption during charging hours (1,000w X 6 hrs): 6,000w
- Total energy needed (13,500w +6000w): 19,500w
- Actual output of solar panels after efficiency loss at 30%: 70% or 0.70
- Size of solar panel array needed: 19,500w ÷ 6hrs ÷ 0.70 = 4642 watts or 4.64kva of solar panels
- Number of 550w solar panels needed: 4,642w ÷ 550w = 8.4. This means approximately 8 solar panels or 9 will do the job.
Method 2: The Individual Panel Yield Approach
Alternatively, we can calculate exactly how much energy a single 550W panel will contribute to your home in a 6-hour sunny day after accounting for efficiency losses.
Here, the number of 550W solar panels (or any size of solar panel) that will sufficiently charge the 15kw lithium battery can be gotten below:
550w (solar panel) X 6 hours (sunshine) X 0.7 (70% efficiency) = 2,310w or 2.31kw
Now, divide the total energy by what one solar panel will produce.
19,500 (total energy needed) / 2,310w (yield per panel) = 8.4. This again suggests that a minimum of 8 to 9 panels are needed for this solar installation.
So from our calculations, approximately 8 to 9 of 550W solar panels are needed to efficiently charge a 15kw lithium battery, while simultaneously using the battery to run the home. Do not forget to input your specific details, like your actual energy usage and number of sunny hours in making your calculations.
Although 8 of 550W are enough for this, you might also want to create a buffer against rainy and cloudy days, especially for prolonged periods, as experienced during the rainy and cold seasons and the notorious harmattan period, which, although it might feel very sunny, the weather comes with dust particles in the air and on solar panels, which block direct sunlight and dampen its efficiency.
Also, your inverter's or solar charge controller's recommended MPPT PV input string rating will also determine the exact number of solar panels, whether 8, 9, or 10. While an even number of panels is mostly the go-to, some controllers and high-frequency hybrid inverters accommodate odd and even numbers of solar panels up to their maximum operating voltage of 450V to 500V.
Need a Professional System Design? Don't guess your solar math and risk damaging your lithium batteries. Contact Solar Valley Ltd today for a comprehensive load audit and professional installation tailored to your budget.